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Als § 2 Abs 3 des elektronischen Wertpapiergesetzes (eWpG) in Kraft getreten am 10. Juni 2021 eine Sachfiktion die für elektronische Wertpapiere – worunter Kryptowertpapiere auch zu verstehen sind – eingeführt hat, stellte sich die Frage nach der zivilrechtlichen Rechtsnatur von Token. Ausgehend von einer eingehenden und rechtsvergleichenden Analyse der Grundlagen des deutschen Sachenrechts, das eine engere Auffassung des Sachbegriffes vornimmt, und des italienischen Sachenrechts, welches einen weiteren Interpretationsspielraum des Sachbegriffes zulässt, befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit dieser Fragestellung und versucht eine Antwort zu finden.
Over the last two decades, the rapid advances in digitization methods put us on the fourth industrial era’s cusp. It is an era of connectivity and interactivity between various industrial processes that need a new, trusted environment to exchange and share information and data without relying on third parties. Blockchain technologies can provide such a trusted environment. This paper focuses on utilizing the blockchain with its characteristics to build machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and digital twin solutions. We propose a conceptual design for a system that uses smart contracts to construct digital twins for machines and products and executes manufacturing processes inside the blockchain. Our solution also employs the decentralized identifiers standard (DIDs) to provide self-sovereign digital identities for machines and products. To validate the approach and demonstrate its applicability, the paper presents an actual implementation of the proposed design to a simulated case study done with the help of Fischertechnik factory model.
Abstract: Blockchain Technology has become an innovative, mature tool for digital transformation, disrupting more and more application areas in their business processes, values, or even economic models. This paper leverages more than 30 academic publications on prototypes and their Blockchain-based use cases to transact certificates in the context of public education. The conceptual design and guiding ideas are reflected in the practical application development for the Federal Ministry of Education and Research ECHT! project within the showcase region WIR! in Mittweida and are used for the research design. During this approach we applied agile methods and the current certificate process to propose a comprehensive disclosure of a new software prototype including a three-layered architecture with multi-stakeholder components. The artefact instantiation contributes to the practical knowledge base within Information System Research and specifically in digital certificate processes starting from creation, searching, and proofing up to revoking by consideration of an existing IT landscape as well as organizational hierarchy.
Mit der zunehmenden Vernetzung von Unternehmen wächst auch das Potenzial für Cyberangriffe, Spionage und Sabotage in Produktionsnetzwerken. Netzwerke, die auf Blockchain-Technologien aufbauen, können einige dieser Risiken abmildern, insbesondere solche, die Datenmanipulation betreffen. Dieses Paper befasst sich mit der Architektur und Implementierung eines unternehmensübergreifenden Blockchain-Netzwerks zur manipulationssicheren und ausfallsicheren Speicherung von produktionsbezogenen Daten und deren Verteilung innerhalb eines globalen Netzwerks. Dazu werden zunächst die Anforderungen an ein solches System erläutert. Darauf aufbauend wird die Architektur eines Blockchain-Knotens beschrieben und der Nutzen des Systems anhand eines Anwendungsfalls dargestellt.
With the advancement in cryptography and emerging internet technology, electronic voting is gaining popularity since it ensures ballot secrecy, voter security, and integrity. Many commercial startups and e-Voting systems have been proposed, but due to lack of trust, privacy, transparency, and hacking issues, many solutions have been suspended. Blockchain, along with cryptographic primitives, has emerged as a promising solution due to its transparent, immutable, and decentralized nature. In this paper, we summarized the properties that existing solutions should satisfy and explained some cryptographic primitives like ZKP, Ring signatures along with their security limitations. We gave a comprehensive review of some blockchain-based e-Voting systems and discussed their strengths and weaknesses based on the given properties with table of comparison.
Das vorliegende Paper untersucht die Einlage von Kryptowährungen bei der Gründung einer liechtensteinischen Aktiengesellschaft. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass Liechtenstein einen sehr liberalen Weg geht und zudem das liechtensteinische Gesellschaftsrecht die Einlage von Kryptowährungen als Sacheinlage ohne Sachverständigenbericht zulässt.
Cryptocurrencies are characterized by high volatility, both in the short and long term. Experienced traders exploit this to make profits from price fluctuations by swing trading. However, this requires closely observing and analyzing the prices and trading positions at the right time. Only a few specialists, who spend time focusing on this, or optimized trading bots are able to actually make continuously profits. The autradix protocol is a selfoptimizing and self-learning parametric trading algorithm that analyzes price actions in real-time and adaptively optimizes the algorithm’s parameters to realize the user’s investment objective. Embedded in an adaptive genetic algorithm, possible parameterizations are simulated and the optimal for the investigated trading pairs are calculated. The generic trading protocol API enables coupling with various crypto exchanges and decentralized protocols. A smart contract based decentralized, trustless, and tokenized fund, controlled by a DAO, enables users to invest, operate trading agents, and to participate in the profits generated according to their share.
While blockchain technology is still in an early stage of its development, it is already of surging economic importance.
In the literature, blockchain is referred to as either being a disruptive, institutional, foundational, or general purpose technology. There is still no consensus about the economic theory that should apply for analyzing its economic effects. This article draws on use cases from the coffee supply chain to explore, which theories could potentially apply to an emerging blockchain economy.
Dezentrale Kreditplattformen ermöglichen Nutzern die Aufnahme sowie die Bereitstellung von Liquidität in Form von Krypto-Token gegen Verzinsung. Dieser Teil des dynamisch wachsenden Bereichs dezentraler Anwendungen erweist sich zwar als sehr innovativ, birgt jedoch auch Risiken. Dazu zählen insbesondere Kreditrisiken, Liquiditätsrisiken, Marktrisiken und operationelle Risiken. Um diesen Risiken entgegenzuwirken existieren vereinzelt Absicherungsmechanismen. Diese Mechanismen haben durchaus Potenzial die genannten Risiken zu verringern, wenngleich dadurch keine vollumfängliche Risikobewältigung erfolgen kann. Somit verbleiben immer Restrisiken, die letztlich vor allem von den Nutzern zu tragen sind.
The wind energy sector is undergoing digitalization processes that span multi-tier supply chains of turbine components and wind farm maintenance, amongst others. In an industrial use case that includes Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Vestas and APQP4Wind, the processes of producing, fastening, and servicing bolts in turbines are mapped to a digital model. The model follows the lifetime of turbine bolts from the manufacturing phase, to fastening in turbines and maintenance, until their replacement and recycling. The development of the digital model is iteratively addressed in a design science research approach, as the authors actively contribute to the project. Distributed ledgers (DLs) support the notary documentation of the bolts and turbines, from their registration phase to the assembly-, technical service verification- and recycling phases. The immutable and decentralized nature of DLs secures the data against tampering and prevents any changes taken unilaterally by engaging the service stakeholders and component providers in a blockchain consortium.