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Laser engraving requires a precise ablation per pulse through all layers of a depth map. To transform this process towards areas of a square meter and more within an acceptable time, needs high-power ultra-short pulsed lasers for the precision and a high scan speed for the beam distribution. Scan speeds in the range of several 100 m/s can be achieved with a polygon scanner. In this work, a polygon scanner has been utilized within a roll-engraving machine to treat an 800 x 220 mm² (L x Dia) roll with 0.55 m² in a laser engraving process. The machine setup, the processing strategy and the data handling has been investigated and result in an efficient large area process. Pre-tests were performed with a multi-MHz-frequency nanosecond-pulsed laser, to investigate the processing strategy. A method to overcome the duty cycle of the polygon scanner was found in the synchronization of two polygons, enabling the use on a single laser source in a time-sharing concept. The throughput and the utilization of the laser source can be increased by the factor of two
In this work, Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) is used in conjunction with the polygon scanner technique to fabricate textured polystyrene and nickel surfaces through ultra-fast beam deflection. For polystyrene, the impact of scanning speed and repetition rate on the structure formation is studied, obtaining periodic features with a spatial period of 21 μm and reaching structure heights up to 23 μm. By applying scanning speeds of up to 350 m/s, a structuring throughput of 1.1 m²/min has been reached. Additionally, the optical configuration was used to texture nickel electrode foils with line-like patterns with a spatial period of 25 μm and a maximum structure depth of 15 μm. Subsequently, the structured nickel electrodes were assessed in terms of their performance for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). The findings revealed a significant improvement in HER efficiency, with a 22% increase compared to the untreated reference electrode.
In laser drilling, one challenge is to achieve a high drilling quality in high aspect ratio drilling. Ultra-short pulsed lasers use different concepts like thin disks, fibers and rods. The slab technology is implemented because of their flexibility and characteristics. They bring together both advantages and deliver high pulse energies at high repetition rates. Materials with a thickness > 1.5 mm demand specialized optics handling the high power and pulse energies with adapted processing strategies, integrated in a machine setup. In this contribution, we focus on all the necessary components and strategies for drilling high precision holes with aspect ratios up to 1:40.
For monitoring laser beam welding processes and detecting or actively avoiding process defects, acoustic based measurements can be used in addition to optical measurement methods such as pyrometry. To reliably detect process events, it is essential to position the respective sensors in such a way that specific signal characteristics are reproducible and significant. However, there are only few investigations regarding the positioning for airborne sound sensors, especially for the detection of process emissions in the ultrasonic range. Therefore, in this research, the influence of the process distance as well as the angle and orientation of the microphone to a laser beam deep penetration welding process is investigated with respect to the detectability of process emissions in different frequency bands. It is shown that for a wide ultrasonic range a flat sensor angle with respect to the sample surface leads to an increased signal strength of the acoustic emissions compared to steep angles.
We report on our recent progress in creating a new type of compact laser that uses thulium-based fiber CPA technology to emit a central wavelength of 2 μm. This laser can produce pulse energies of >100 μJ and an average power of >15 W. It is designed to be long-lasting and is built for industrial use, making it a great fit for integration into laser machines used for materials processing. These laser parameters are ideal for working with semiconductors like silicon, allowing for tasks such as micro-welding, cutting of filaments, dicing, bonding and more.
Laser welding of hidden T-joints, connecting the web-sheet through the face-sheet of the joint can provide advantages like increased lightweight potential in manufacturing sandwich structures with thin-walled cores. However, maintaining the correct positioning of the beam relative to the joint is challenging. A method to reduce the effort of positioning is using optical coherence tomography (OCT), that interferometrically measures the reflection distance inside of the keyhole during laser deep penetration welding. In this study new approaches for targeted data processing of the OCT-signal to automatically detect misalignments are presented. It is shown that considering multiple components from the inference pattern and the respective signal intensities improve the detection accuracy of misalignments.
Over recent years, Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has gained significant importance within the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem. Remarkably, within just two years of its emergence, MEV has seen an extraction of approximately 600 million USD - a phenomenon that has sparked concerns regarding potential threats to blockchain stability.
With growing interest in the Ethereum network and the growing DeFi sector, research surrounding MEV has substantially increased. This work aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of MEV. Additionally, this research quantifies the largest types of MEV (Arbitrage, Sandwich and Liquidations) from March 2022 to March 2023. The data are then compared to other sources, revealing a general upward trend, with a particularly noticeable increase in Sandwich Attacks.
In the field of Blockchain Technology applications and research, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have gained significant attention in recent years. Whilst current research is focused on NFT use cases or the purchase of NFTs from an investor’s perspective, the NFT launch (i.e. primary market) from a creator’s perspective remains uncovered. However, the launch strategy is considered to be an important factor for the success of a product. Therefore, our research paper aims to explore launch strategies of NFTs. Thereby, we discuss the marketing mix instruments price (i.e. pricing strategy), place (i.e. mint mechanism), and promotion. Through an empirical approach of conducting eight expert interviews, we examine parameters that are used to define an NFT launch strategy and assess their preference of different stakeholders.
A Systematic Literature Review on Blockchain Oracles: State of Research, Challenges, and Trends
(2023)
To enable data exchange between the Blockchain protocol (on-chain) and the real world (off-chain), e.g., non-Blockchain-based applications and systems, a software called Oracle is used [3]. Blockchain oracle is an important component in the use of off-chain data for on-chain smart contracts. However, there is limited scientific literature available on this important blockchain topic. Therefore, in this paper, a novel systematic literature review based on intelligent methods, e.g., information linking, topic clustering and focus identification through frequency calculations, is proposed. Thus, the current state of scientific research interest, content and challenges, and future research directions for blockchain oracles are identified. This paper shows that there is little unbiased literature that does not call oracles a problem. From the results of this new literature review framework, relevant areas of data handling and verification with blockchain oracles are identified for future research.
Safety, quality, and sustainability concerns have arisen from global supply chains. Stakeholders incur risk regarding these factors, given their significance and complexity. Thus, each business's supply chain risk management must prioritize product characteristics. Accordingly, an effective traceability solution that can monitor and regulate product and supply chain aspects is crucial, especially in a given scenario. This re-search paper elucidates the potential of smart contracts in blockchain to enhancing the efficacy of business transactions and ensuring comprehensive traceability within the supply chain of paper-based coffee cups The improved levels of transaction transparency and security in traditional supply chains have been achieved through the digitization of supply chain ecosystem interactions and transactions. This approach makes verifying sources, manufacturing procedures, and quality standards easier in complex supply chains. Accordingly, the integration helps stakeholders monitor and track the whole ecosystem, promoting transparency, predictability, and dependability.
In the swiftly changing world of academic publishing, the Sea of Wisdom platform seizes the opportunity to innovate. By combining the technologies of blockchain, decentralized finance (DeFi), and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) with traditional scholarly communication, we present a groundbreaking, decentralized solution. Our design, although adaptable, primarily uses Ethereum's Virtual Machine, tapping into its robust scientific community.
This desk research will initiate an exploration of present and potential blockchain applications in the higher education sector of Europe. The aim of this research is to create a theoretical base for a further postgraduate research and analysis, so to create an effective model/framework to augment the integration of blockchain technology into existing organizational processes, initially in higher educational institutions, but which may be adaptable and generalizable to other specific uses. Due to the novelty of the topic, academic resources related to the research area are limited. Most studies seem to focus on blockchain-based applications in industries such as finance, healthcare, and supply chain management, and there is little evidence of the impact of blockchain technology on education. This paper discusses present and suggests some potential blockchain-based applications in education in Europe and beyond. This research provides a groundwork for education and academia stakeholders, policymakers and researchers to exploit the potential of blockchain in different functions of an education system.
Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is connected to the virtual world through the Web of Things (WoT), allowing efficient utilization of real-world objects with Internet technologies. The WoT facilitates abstract interaction between applications and connected IoT devices, allowing owners to switch between devices while using multiple ones. To achieve this, virtual assets in WoT devices can be tokenized through smart contracts and transferred using hashed proof as transactions within blockchain networks that support virtual currencies. The goal of Web of Things is to establish connectivity, interoperability, and integration among IoT devices using web standards and protocols, reducing reliance on device manufacturers. This enables easy integration of Web 3.0 cryptocurrency for device management. This study proposes a solution for WoT applications involving different cryptocurrency definitions. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the tokenization-based ownership transfer in the Web of Things.
Decentralization is one of the key attributes associated with blockchain technology. Among the different developments in recent years, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have been of growing interest. DAOs are currently a key part of another emerging use case, namely decentralized science (DeSci). Given the novelty of the field, an integrative definition of DeSci has not been established, but some inherent concepts and ideas can be traced back to the Open Science movement. Although the DeSci movement has the potential to benefit the public, for example through funding underrepresented research areas or more inclusive and transparent research in general, some negative aspects of decentralization should not be neglected. Due to the novelty of blockchain and emerging use cases, research can and should precede mass adoption, to which this paper aims to contribute.
The cryptocurrency ecosystem has seen significant growth with Ethereum and Bitcoin as foundational pillars. Ethereum introduced smart contracts revolutionizing decentralized applications (dApps) across various domains. Scalability challenges led to alternative ecosystems like Binance Smart Chain and Polygon, maintaining compatibility through the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Bitcoin also faces scalability issues, leading to the Lightning Network's development—an off-chain solution with payment channels for scalable instant transactions. Interoperability is increasingly crucial as the cryptocurrency ecosystem continues to grow, enabling seamless interactions between assets and data across multiple blockchain platforms. EVM-compatible blockchains and the Lightning Network offer unique advantages in their respective use cases. This paper utilizes atomic swaps to create a secure, fast, and user-friendly trustless bridge between the Lightning Network and EVM-compatible blockchains, fostering the growth of both ecosystems and unlocking novel opportunities.
Reputation is indispensable for online business since it supports customers in their buying decisions and allows sellers to justify premium prices. While IS research has investigated reputation systems mainly as review systems on online platforms for business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions, no proper solutions have been developed for business-to-business (B2B) transactions yet. We use blockchain technology to propose a new class of reputation systems that apply ratings as voluntary bonus payments: Before a transaction is performed, customers commit to pay a bonus that is granted if a service provider has performed a service properly. As opposed to rival reputation systems that build on cumulated ratings or reviews, our system enables monetized reputation mechanisms that are inextricably linked with online transactions. We expect this system class to provide more trustworthy ratings, which might reduce agency costs and serve quality providers to establish a reputation towards new customers.
Current research in identity management is focusing on decentralized trust establishment for distributed identities. One of these decentralized trust models is Self-Sovereign Identities (SSI). With SSI each entity should be able to independently present and manage provable information about itself as well as request and review evidence from other entities. Using a distributed blockchain, information for verifying the authenticity of this evidence can be obtained from any other entity. This concept can be used not only for people, but also for authentication and authorization during the life cycle of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents an SSI-based concept for authentication and authorization of IoT devices among each other, intended to contribute to the change in trust on the internet. The SSI methodology employing a blockchain offers the possibility to establish mutual trust and proof of ownership without relying on any third party. The paper describes the concept, offers a reference implementation, and gives a discussion of the approach.
As economies are getting more and more interconnected, the importance of the global logistics sector grew accordingly. However, both structural challenges and current events lead to recent supply chain disruptions, exposing the vulnerabilities of the sector. Simultaneously, blockchain has emerged as a key innovative technology with use cases going far beyond the exchange of virtual currencies. This paper aims to analyze how the technology is transforming global logistics and its challenges. Therefore, six use cases, are presented to give an overview of the technological possibilities of blockchain and smart contracts. The analysis combines theoretical approaches from scientific journals and combines them with findings from real-world implementations. The paper finds that the technology can change supply chain design fundamentally, with processes and decisions being automated and power within supply chain structures changing. However, implementations also face technological, environmental, and organizational challenges that need to be solved for wide-spread adoption.
More than 10 years after the invention of Bitcoin, the underlying blockchain technology is having an increasing effect on today’s society. Although one of the most popular application areas of blockchain is still the field of cryptocurrencies, the technological concepts are crossing into further application domains such as international supply chains. Fast-changing markets, high costs of time and risk management as well as biased relationships between the actors pose big challenges to an appropriate supply chain management. Based on a case study about sensor tracking, this paper explores the potential impact of blockchain on small and medium enterprises within an international supply chain. We will show that blockchain technologies offers a high potential to reduce inequalities of power relations between involved actors within supply chains. To achieve this, the requirements for the use of blockchain in supply chain management will be analyzed by means of a conducted case study and an expert survey of the companies concerned.
Digital Power of Attorney catalyzed by Software Requirements for Blockchain-based Applications
(2022)
Blockchain Technology (BT) with so-called web3 is at an inflection point between new sub-theme hypes and world-wide industrialization over last three years thanks to large companies like MicroStrategy [1], Facebook [2] and several Venture-Capital formations [3] who are already fighting over market share and community growth. Our work represents insights from Literature-based Software Requirement (SR) elicitation for a specific Blockchain-based Application, which is creation, managing and control of digital Power of Attorney (POA). The context of POA is not only a financial driven use-case it is by far a heavy weight universal legal transaction. We use a morphological box and reduced PRIMS-P to synthesis a generic specification for further Blockchain-based Application development. Formulated SRs in POA context are reflected on our core actors which are Grantor and authorized, trusted, external Entities. Proposed characteristics for relationship and effects are visualized in a reference model originally used in digital platform ecosystems [4]. This design and modelling approach facilitated closing discussion of BT and its future eCommerce perspective.