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The Media System of Malawi
(2010)
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The primary objective of this work and the research at the “Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung” was to gain a deeper understanding of the basically transformation processes, especially for nitrogen species, in constructed wetlands. Therefore two different types of laboratory scale model systems, run with two different artificial wastewaters, had been observed for about 4 months. Data about the situation of three nitrogen species (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite), the physical condition of the pore water and the carbon sources contained by the water had been collected and compared. The present work will provide a summary about the actual knowledge of the microbial processes in constructed wetlands and the general character of such constructions. It will explain the different methods used to gain the data which will be later wards discussed with the aid of the created graphs in the final argumentation.
The aim of this master thesis is to describe the key factors of successful energy efficiency projects. In particular, local conditions of such projects in Kazakhstan will be emphasized and a country-specific guideline will be provided at the end. The following topics will be covered in this thesis: energy efficiency technologies, financing, and capacities. The first part examines the energy efficiency approaches and their potential in the local industry. The second part deals with available financing methods, their specific characteristics and appropriateness for overcoming investment barriers in Kazakhstan. The third part of the master thesis concerns necessary project capacities. The application of the three elements for successful project implementation is described in the end.
When entering waterways that are restricted either in height, width or by another vessel, the behaviour of a ship changes. The most evident effect of navigating in shallow water is the squat which has led to several groundings. Because of pressure differences the vessel is pulled down into the water and the trim is changed. Another shallow water effect is the speed loss due to an increase in resistance which can reduce the maximal speed by upto 50 percent. In general the behaviour of a ship in shallow water is said to be sluggish, meaning that it is more difficult to navigate which affects the radius of the turning circle among others. Sailing parallel to a close-by bank affects the lateral force and the yaw moment. The interaction with other ships has similar effects as bank effects, but is more sophisticated since more parameters play a major role. In this thesis each of these effects is researched by studying several papers by renowned researchers.
Several models are developed which are correspondent with the inherent model of forces and moments of the simulation program. The challenges and obstacles that arised during modelling and implementation are pointed out and solutions or approaches are given.