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Current research in identity management is focusing on decentralized trust establishment for distributed identities. One of these decentralized trust models is Self-Sovereign Identities (SSI). With SSI each entity should be able to independently present and manage provable information about itself as well as request and review evidence from other entities. Using a distributed blockchain, information for verifying the authenticity of this evidence can be obtained from any other entity. This concept can be used not only for people, but also for authentication and authorization during the life cycle of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents an SSI-based concept for authentication and authorization of IoT devices among each other, intended to contribute to the change in trust on the internet. The SSI methodology employing a blockchain offers the possibility to establish mutual trust and proof of ownership without relying on any third party. The paper describes the concept, offers a reference implementation, and gives a discussion of the approach.
As economies are getting more and more interconnected, the importance of the global logistics sector grew accordingly. However, both structural challenges and current events lead to recent supply chain disruptions, exposing the vulnerabilities of the sector. Simultaneously, blockchain has emerged as a key innovative technology with use cases going far beyond the exchange of virtual currencies. This paper aims to analyze how the technology is transforming global logistics and its challenges. Therefore, six use cases, are presented to give an overview of the technological possibilities of blockchain and smart contracts. The analysis combines theoretical approaches from scientific journals and combines them with findings from real-world implementations. The paper finds that the technology can change supply chain design fundamentally, with processes and decisions being automated and power within supply chain structures changing. However, implementations also face technological, environmental, and organizational challenges that need to be solved for wide-spread adoption.
Bisher gibt es keine einwandfreie manipulationssichere Nachweisführung für klimafreundlichen „grünen“ Wasserstoff und der damit möglichen Nachverfolgung der Herkunft vom Erzeuger erneuerbarer Energien bis zum Endverbraucher, sodass die gesamte Supply Chain des „grünen“ Wasserstoffs nicht im Sinne einer ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Nachhaltigkeit dargestellt und in einem sicheren und transparenten Markt abgebildet werden kann. Mit einer geeigneten Blockchain kann dieses Problem gelöst werden, die darüber hinaus weitere noch nie dagewesene Mehrwerte für die Supply Chain des „grünen“ Wasserstoffmarktes und für den nachhaltigen Strukturwandel insgesamt bietet und deren Entwicklung demnächst im Rahmen des Förderaufrufs „Technologieoffensive Wasserstoff“ innerhalb der Forschungsförderung des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz im 7. Energieforschungsprogramm der Bundesregierung startet.
More than 10 years after the invention of Bitcoin, the underlying blockchain technology is having an increasing effect on today’s society. Although one of the most popular application areas of blockchain is still the field of cryptocurrencies, the technological concepts are crossing into further application domains such as international supply chains. Fast-changing markets, high costs of time and risk management as well as biased relationships between the actors pose big challenges to an appropriate supply chain management. Based on a case study about sensor tracking, this paper explores the potential impact of blockchain on small and medium enterprises within an international supply chain. We will show that blockchain technologies offers a high potential to reduce inequalities of power relations between involved actors within supply chains. To achieve this, the requirements for the use of blockchain in supply chain management will be analyzed by means of a conducted case study and an expert survey of the companies concerned.
Diese Studie analysiert die Verwendung von Narrativen in drei Blockchain-Projekten im Hinblick auf institutionellen Wandel. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie Blockchain-Projekte Cyberpunk-Narrative nutzen, um einen institutionellen Wandel herbeizuführen. Ein kontrastierender Fall ohne Cyberpunk-Narrative verdeutlicht die interpretative Offenheit der institutionellen Eigenschaften von Blockchain-Technologien im Wettbewerb um Deutungshoheit. Die Untersuchung vertieft das Verständnis der Rolle fiktionaler Erzählungen für das Framing von Innovationen im Kontext institutionellen Wandels und zeigt, dass Greimas' Aktantenmodell für die Frame-Analyse geeignet ist.
Digital Power of Attorney catalyzed by Software Requirements for Blockchain-based Applications
(2022)
Blockchain Technology (BT) with so-called web3 is at an inflection point between new sub-theme hypes and world-wide industrialization over last three years thanks to large companies like MicroStrategy [1], Facebook [2] and several Venture-Capital formations [3] who are already fighting over market share and community growth. Our work represents insights from Literature-based Software Requirement (SR) elicitation for a specific Blockchain-based Application, which is creation, managing and control of digital Power of Attorney (POA). The context of POA is not only a financial driven use-case it is by far a heavy weight universal legal transaction. We use a morphological box and reduced PRIMS-P to synthesis a generic specification for further Blockchain-based Application development. Formulated SRs in POA context are reflected on our core actors which are Grantor and authorized, trusted, external Entities. Proposed characteristics for relationship and effects are visualized in a reference model originally used in digital platform ecosystems [4]. This design and modelling approach facilitated closing discussion of BT and its future eCommerce perspective.
In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird ein Überblick darüber gegeben, wie Grafikdaten eines NFT auf der Blockchain gespeichert werden können. Es werden verschiedene Ansätze untersucht und vorhandene Projekte analysiert. Dabei werden vor allem die Aspekte Sicherheit, Ressourcen und Anwendbarkeit betrachtet. Mithilfe einer Testumgebung werden die recherchierte Ansätze vergleichbar, wobei sich in der Arbeit auf skalierbare Vektorgrafiken (SVG) konzentriert wird. Letztendlich zeigt sich, dass es für simple SVG sinnvoll ist, ihren Code als String oder auch in Base64 codiert im NFT selbst abzulegen. Für komplexere Grafiken wird ein Ansatz mit einem Smart Contract empfohlen, um die Kosten pro NFT zu reduzieren. Die Vorgehensweise, die Grafikdaten durch eine Funktion wiederherzustellen, eignet sich außerdem auch für Ansätze, die nicht auf Vektor Grafiken bauen. Es zeigt sich, dass durch einen gewissen Mehraufwand durchaus NFT und Grafikdaten auf der Blockchain abgelegt werden können und kein Risiko durch die Trennung zwischen On- und Off-Chain eingegangen werden muss.
Dynamic object roles and corresponding contexts can model complex applications with higher-level abstraction. These abstracted applications can be used in wider areas such as financial institutions, health care, and supply chain network. Role management which consists of the creation of role objects, and binding role object between core objects still suffers from non-intrusive logging-monitoring, auditing, and resilient data source for role-based applications. Moreover, immutable smart contracts cause problems concerning bug fixing and maintenance without dynamic binding to new smart contract objects. An object that is created from a smart contract (contract class) can be transparently attached to a role object utilizing the Role Object Pattern (ROP). However, ROP itself does not contain a context definition and context-specific role assignment grouping the definition of smart contract relationships in abstracted data types. In this study, we would like to implement an extended version of the role object pattern called Context-based Role Object Pattern (ContextROP) with an onchain smart contract language called Solidity to solve fundamental problems. To evaluate the proposal, we will implement a use case with the design pattern proceeding with qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Humans started using the principles of insurance thousands of years ago when they lived in tribes in smaller villages. If one of the tribe members were injured, the others would take care of him and his family. The basic principle of insurance is several people covering each other against a particular risk. Today, most people in regions like Europe have access to insurance, while many people worldwide still have no access at all. The cost and accessibility may be improved with a blockchain-based parametric approach. The insurance process in a parametric approach is exclusively based on data, and decisions are made objectively. Blockchain is a necessary and integral part of the approach to create transparency and connect the customer’s and investor’s risk capital. The paper offers an overview of the opportunities and challenges of blockchain-based parametric insurance, a catalog of criteria for such insurance, a description of all components and their interaction for implementation on Ethereum, and a reference implementation of a train delay insurance in Germany.
The topic of soulbound, non-transferable tokens is getting lots of interest within the blockchain space lately as decentralized societies become more tangible with Web3 social media applications and DAOs. In this article, I want to outline how such tokens function, their problems for adoption and standardization, and how they differ from verifiable credentials in the SSI field. As such soulbound assets will likely rely on extended recovery and asset management schemes to become viable identities that safely gain reputation and trust, features like social recovery and contract-based accounting are incorporated. By combining those new technologies and the theoretical crypto-native identity construct, the paper will give an impression of the future user-centric data economy.